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| One thousand | |
|---|---|
| Chiliad thou | |
| (Come across below, Typographic) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organisation | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0047, U+0067, U+0261 |
| Alphabetical position | seven |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | ~-300 to nowadays |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Transliteration equivalents | C |
| Variations | (Come across beneath, Typographic) |
| Other | |
| Other messages commonly used with | gh, thousand(x) |
(speculated origin)
Thou, or g, is the seventh letter of the ISO bones Latin alphabet. Its proper name in English is gee (pronounced ), plural gees.[i]
History
The letter 'Chiliad' was introduced in the Old Latin period every bit a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /one thousand/.
The recorded originator of 'M' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who added alphabetic character Thousand to the educational activity of the Roman alphabet during the 3rd century BC:[2] he was the commencement Roman to open a fee-paying school, around 230 BCE. At this time, 'K' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /k/ before open vowels, had come to limited /k/ in all environments.
Ruga's positioning of 'Thou' shows that alphabetic order related to the letters' values equally Greek numerals was a business organization even in the third century BC. According to some records, the original seventh letter, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the third century BC by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who constitute information technology distasteful and strange.[iii] Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Plain the society of the alphabet was felt to exist such a concrete affair that a new letter could be added in the center only if a 'space' was created past the dropping of an old letter."[4]
George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "infinite" in the alphabet and that in fact 'G' was a directly descendant of zeta. Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the Erstwhile Italic scripts; the evolution of the monumental form 'Yard' from this shape would exist exactly parallel to the development of 'C' from gamma. He suggests that the pronunciation /k/ > /ɡ/ was due to contamination from the too like-looking 'K'.[5]
Somewhen, both velar consonants /yard/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones before front vowels; consequently in today's Romance languages, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨yard⟩ have different audio values depending on context (known equally hard and soft C and difficult and soft G). Because of French influence, English linguistic communication orthography shares this feature.
Typographic variants
The modern lowercase 'g' has ii typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) 'grand' and the double-storey (sometimes looptail) 'm'. The unmarried-storey form derives from the majuscule (uppercase) form by raising the serif that distinguishes it from 'c' to the top of the loop, thus closing the loop and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form (g) had adult similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left once again, forming a airtight bowl or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper airtight bowl. The double-storey version became popular when printing switched to "Roman blazon" considering the tail was effectively shorter, making information technology possible to put more than lines on a page. In the double-storey version, a small top stroke in the upper-correct, often terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".
Mostly, the two forms are complementary, but occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, opentail ⟨ɡ⟩ has always represented a voiced velar plosive, while ⟨
⟩ was distinguished from ⟨ɡ⟩ and represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900.[6] [7] In 1948, the Council of the International Phonetic Association recognized ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨⟩ every bit typographic equivalents,[eight] and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993.[9] While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association recommended the use of ⟨⟩ for a velar plosive and ⟨ɡ⟩ for an avant-garde i for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian,[10] this practice never caught on.[eleven] The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, the successor to the Principles, abased the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.[12]
Wong et al. (2018) found that native English speakers have little witting awareness of the looptail 'g' ().[thirteen] [14] They write: "Despite existence questioned repeatedly, and despite beingness informed direct that G has two lowercase print forms, nearly half of the participants failed to reveal any noesis of the looptail 'g', and only 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'thou' correctly."
Pronunciation and utilise
| Language | Dialect(due south) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Surround | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | /10/ | |||
| Standard arabic | /ɡ/ | Latinization; corresponding to ⟨ق⟩ or ⟨ج⟩ in Arabic | ||
| Catalan | /(d)ʒ/ | Earlier e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Danish | /ɡ/ | Give-and-take-initially | ||
| /k/ | Usually | |||
| Dutch | Standard | /ɣ/ | ||
| Southern dialects | /ɣ̟/ | |||
| Northern dialects | /χ/ | |||
| English language | /dʒ/ | Before east, i, y (see exceptions below) | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| /ʒ/ | Earlier eastward, i in "modern" loanwords from French | |||
| silent | Some words, initial <gn>, and word-finally before a consonant | |||
| Faeroese | /j/ | soft, lenited; see Faroese phonology | ||
| /1000/ | hard | |||
| /tʃ/ | soft | |||
| /5/ | after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before u | |||
| /w/ | subsequently ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u | |||
| silent | after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and earlier a | |||
| French | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i, y | |||
| Galician | /ɡ/~/ħ/ | Usually | See Gheada for consonant variation | |
| /ʃ/ | Before e, i | now rarely spelled equally such | ||
| Greek | /ɡ/ | Usually | Latinization | |
| /ɟ/ | Before ai, eastward, i, oi, y | Latinization | ||
| Icelandic | /c/ | soft | ||
| /g/ | difficult | |||
| /ɣ/ | hard, lenited; see Icelandic phonology | |||
| /j/ | soft, lenited | |||
| Irish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ɟ/ | Subsequently i or before eastward, i | |||
| Italian | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | ||
| /dʒ/ | Before e, i | |||
| Standard mandarin | Standard | /k/ | Pinyin latinization | |
| Norman | /dʒ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Norwegian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /j/ | Before ei, i, j, øy, y | |||
| Portuguese | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i, y | |||
| Romanian | /dʒ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Romansh | /dʑ/ | Earlier east, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Ordinarily | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | /g/ | Usually | ||
| /kʲ/ | After i or before e, i | |||
| Spanish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /x/ or /h/ | Before east, i, y | Variation between velar and glottal realizations depends on dialect | ||
| Swedish | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | ||
| /j/ | Before ä, eastward, i, ö, y | |||
| Turkish | /ɡ/ | Normally | ||
| /ɟ/ | Before eastward, i, ö, ü | |||
English
In English, the letter appears either alone or in some digraphs. Lonely, information technology represents
- a voiced velar plosive (/ɡ/ or "hard" ⟨one thousand⟩), as in goose, gargoyle, and game;
- a voiced palato-alveolar affricate (/d͡ʒ/ or "soft" ⟨g⟩), predominates before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨due east⟩, as in giant, ginger, and geology; or
- a voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (/ʒ/) in post-medieval loanwords from French, such every bit rouge, beige, genre (often), and margarine (rarely)
⟨yard⟩ is predominantly soft before ⟨e⟩ (including the digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩), ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩, and hard otherwise. It is difficult in those derivations from γυνή (gynḗ) meaning adult female where initial-worded equally such. Soft ⟨k⟩ is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church/academic use, French, Spanish, Italian or Portuguese – these tend to, in other ways in English, closely align to their Ancient Latin and Greek roots (such equally delicate, logic or magic). There remain widely used a few English words of non-Romance origin where ⟨g⟩ is difficult followed by ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ (become, requite, gift), and very few in which ⟨g⟩ is soft though followed past ⟨a⟩ such as gaol, which since the 20th century is virtually always written as "jail".
The double consonant ⟨gg⟩ has the value /ɡ/ (hard ⟨m⟩) every bit in nugget, with very few exceptions: /ɡd͡ʒ/ in propose and /d͡ʒ/ in exaggerate and veggies.
The digraph ⟨dg⟩ has the value /d͡ʒ/ (soft ⟨g⟩), as in annoy. Not-digraph ⟨dg⟩ can also occur, in compounds like floodgate and headgear.
The digraph ⟨ng⟩ may represent:
- a velar nasal () as in length, vocalist
- the latter followed by hard ⟨thousand⟩ (/ŋɡ/) as in jungle, finger, longest
Not-digraph ⟨ng⟩ as well occurs, with possible values
- /nɡ/ equally in engulf, ungainly
- /nd͡ʒ/ equally in sponge, affections
- /nʒ/ as in melange
The digraph ⟨gh⟩ (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter yogh, which took various values including /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /ten/ and /j/) may represent:
- /ɡ/ as in ghost, aghast, burgher, spaghetti
- /f/ as in cough, express joy, roughage
- Ø (no sound) as in through, neighbour, night
- /ten/ in ugh
- (rarely) /p/ in hiccough
- (rarely) /k/ in south'ghetti
Non-digraph ⟨gh⟩ as well occurs, in compounds like foghorn, pigheaded
The digraph ⟨gn⟩ may represent:
- /due north/ as in gnostic, condescend, foreigner, signage
- /nj/ in loanwords similar champignon, lasagna
Non-digraph ⟨gn⟩ likewise occurs, as in signature, agnostic
The trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ has the value /ŋ/ as in gingham or dinghy. Not-trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ also occurs, in compounds similar stronghold and dunghill.
G is the tenth least often used letter in the English linguistic communication (after Y, P, B, V, G, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of nigh 2.02% in words.
Other languages
Most Romance languages and some Nordic languages also have two main pronunciations for ⟨g⟩, hard and soft. While the soft value of ⟨g⟩ varies in different Romance languages (/ʒ/ in French and Portuguese, [(d)ʒ] in Catalan, /d͡ʒ/ in Italian and Romanian, and /x/ in most dialects of Spanish), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft ⟨g⟩ has the same pronunciation as the ⟨j⟩.
In Italian and Romanian, ⟨gh⟩ is used to represent /ɡ/ before front vowels where ⟨yard⟩ would otherwise represent a soft value. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ is used to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/, a sound somewhat similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in English language canyon. In Italian, the trigraph ⟨gli⟩, when appearing before a vowel or every bit the article and pronoun gli, represents the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/.
Other languages typically apply ⟨g⟩ to correspond /ɡ/ regardless of position.
Amid European languages, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, and Slovak are an exception as they practise not accept /ɡ/ in their native words. In Dutch, ⟨m⟩ represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ instead, a sound that does not occur in modern English language, merely at that place is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ([ten] or [χ]) instead, and in southern dialects information technology may be palatal [ʝ]. Nevertheless, word-finally it is always voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Kingdom of belgium and holland. On the other hand, some dialects (like Amelands) may have a phonemic /ɡ/.
Faroese uses ⟨thousand⟩ to stand for /dʒ/, in addition to /ɡ/, and too uses it to point a glide.
In Māori, ⟨g⟩ is used in the digraph ⟨ng⟩ which represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ and is pronounced like the ⟨ng⟩ in vocaliser.
In older Czech and Slovak orthographies, ⟨one thousand⟩ was used to represent /j/, while /ɡ/ was written every bit ⟨ǧ⟩ (⟨g⟩ with caron).
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
- 𐤂 : Semitic letter of the alphabet Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
- C c : Latin letter C, from which M derives
- Γ γ : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives in turn
- ɡ : Latin letter script pocket-size G
- ᶢ : Modifier letter small script m is used for phonetic transcription[15]
- ᵷ : Turned g
- Г г : Cyrillic letter Ge
- Ȝ ȝ : Latin alphabetic character Yogh
- Ɣ ɣ : Latin letter Gamma
- Ᵹ ᵹ : Insular g
- Ꝿ ꝿ : Turned insular g
- ɢ : Latin alphabetic character small uppercase G, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiced uvular stop
- ʛ : Latin letter small capital G with hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiced uvular implosive
- ᴳ ᵍ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[16]
- ꬶ : Used for the Teuthonista phonetic transcription organization[17]
- G with diacritics: Ǵ ǵ Ǥ ǥ Ĝ ĝ Ǧ ǧ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ Ɠ ɠ Ġ ġ Ḡ ḡ Ꞡ ꞡ ᶃ
- ց : Armenian alphabet Tso
Ligatures and abbreviations
- ₲ : Paraguayan guaraní
Computing codes
| Preview | G | m | Ɡ | ɡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper noun | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G | LATIN SMALL Alphabetic character Yard | LATIN Capital LETTER SCRIPT 1000 | LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | december | hex | december | hex |
| Unicode | 71 | U+0047 | 103 | U+0067 | 42924 | U+A7AC | 609 | U+0261 |
| UTF-8 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | 234 158 172 | EA 9E Air conditioning | 201 161 | C9 A1 |
| Numeric character reference | G | G | g | g | Ɡ | Ɡ | ɡ | ɡ |
| EBCDIC family unit | 199 | C7 | 135 | 87 | ||||
| ASCII i | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | ||||
- 1 As well for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
See also
- Carolingian G
- Difficult and soft G
- Latin letters used in mathematics § Gg
References
- ^ The American Heritage Lexicon of the English language Linguistic communication. 1976.
- ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia Eastward. (2011-09-thirteen). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359855.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Romana
- ^ Everson, Michael; Sigurðsson, Baldur; Málstöð, Íslensk. "Sorting the letter ÞORN". Evertype. ISO CEN/TC304. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2018-11-01 .
- ^ Hempl, George (1899). "The Origin of the Latin Letters G and Z". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. The Johns Hopkins Academy Press. 30: 24–41. doi:10.2307/282560. JSTOR 282560.
- ^ Clan phonétique internationale (January 1895). "vɔt syr fifty alfabɛ" [Votes sur l'alphabet]. Le Maître Phonétique. 10 (1): xvi–17. JSTOR 44707535.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (February–March 1900). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel]. Le Maître Phonétique. xv (2/3): 20. JSTOR 44701257.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (July–December 1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique (90): 28–30. JSTOR 44705217.
- ^ International Phonetic Clan (1993). "Quango deportment on revisions of the IPA". Periodical of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1017/S002510030000476X.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1949). The Principles of the International Phonetic Clan. Section of Phonetics, University College, London. Supplement to Le Maître Phonétique 91, January–June 1949. JSTOR i40200179. Reprinted in Journal of the International Phonetic Clan 40 (3), December 2010, pp. 299–358, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000089. CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- ^ Wells, John C. (6 November 2006). "Scenes from IPA history". John Wells's phonetic blog. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, Academy College London. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Apply of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN0-521-63751-1.
- ^ Wong, Kimberly; Wadee, Frempongma; Ellenblum, Gali; McCloskey, Michael (2 April 2018). "The Devil'south in the g-tails: Scarce alphabetic character-shape knowledge and sensation despite massive visual experience". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human being Perception and Operation. 44 (9): 1324–1335. doi:ten.1037/xhp0000532. PMID 29608074. S2CID 4571477.
- ^ Dean, Signe. "Virtually People Don't Know What Lowercase "G" Looks Like And We're Non Even Kidding". Scientific discipline Alert. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-xix). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-x-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
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